{"id":46184,"date":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/formacionsimple.com\/revistasculturales\/archivos\/46184"},"modified":"2026-03-10T08:34:54","modified_gmt":"2026-03-10T08:34:54","slug":"la-incertidumbre-del-contexto-entrevista-a-rirkrit-tiravanija","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/formacionsimple.com\/revistasculturales\/la-incertidumbre-del-contexto-entrevista-a-rirkrit-tiravanija\/","title":{"rendered":"La incertidumbre del contexto. Entrevista a Rirkrit Tiravanija"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Autor:<\/strong> Manuel Cirauqui<\/p>\n<p><strong>Revista:<\/strong> L\u00c1PIZ Revista Internacional de Arte n\u00ba 222<\/p>\n<hr\/>\n<p>La noci&oacute;n de \u201cest&eacute;tica relacional\u201d hizo adem&aacute;n de imponerse hace algunos a&ntilde;os, m&aacute;s que como un criterio de producci&oacute;n art&iacute;stica (pues en realidad no conten&iacute;a nada nuevo), como criterio de lectura de cierto g&eacute;nero de instalaciones, cuyo resultado pretend&iacute;a ser no una mera vivencia subjetiva, sino un intercambio de tipo experimental entre las personas involucradas. Pero la apertura del &aacute;mbito de la exposici&oacute;n que aquellas obras proporcionaban a la experiencia conten&iacute;a tanta ilusi&oacute;n como desenga&ntilde;o: tomar como material art&iacute;stico algo irreductiblemente real implica presuponer que ese n&uacute;cleo de realidad es ya equivalente a su propia copia o efigie. Tal vez el destino final del concepto de <em>est&eacute;tica relacional <\/em> sea el de permanecer a t&iacute;tulo indefinido en el banco de pruebas, antes de ser olvidado. Pero este hecho, lejos de conllevar el olvido de ciertas obras afines, permite percibir en ellas su exquisita indefinici&oacute;n. Es el caso del trabajo de Rikrit Tiravanija (1961), a menudo tomado como modelo de dicha vanguardia inexistente. Sus instalaciones son el paradigma de ese intento de \u201cdemocratizar\u201d la estructura de la obra de arte, forzando la percepci&oacute;n de &eacute;sta &uacute;nicamente mediante su uso como objeto ordinario o <em>ready-made <\/em> \u201cinvertido\u201d, confundiendo por tanto el habitar, el ver y el producir tanto de la obra de arte como del espacio extra&ntilde;o a ella. Comprar una obra de Tiravanija no es comprar \u201cuna relaci&oacute;n con el mundo\u201d (Nicolas Bourriaud), sino m&aacute;s bien un pedazo nuevo de &eacute;ste, que al mismo tiempo le pertenece y lo significa. Pero resulta curioso apreciar c&oacute;mo la vieja y <em>primera <\/em>cuesti&oacute;n de la representaci&oacute;n parece haberse deslizado en el trabajo de Tiravanija para marcar el inicio de una etapa de madurez. En su primera retrospectiva, titulada <em>Tomorrow is another fine day <\/em> y presentada en distintas ciudades de Europa el a&ntilde;o pasado, Tiravanija obligaba a los visitantes a la inc&oacute;moda constataci&oacute;n de que el acontecimiento \u2013tambi&eacute;n y sobre todo el acontecimiento que una obra de arte quiere ser\u2013 es irrepetible, y tal vez irrepetible <em>desde siempre <\/em>: su primera aparici&oacute;n es quiz&aacute; ya un recuerdo, una cita, una simulaci&oacute;n. <em>Tomorrow is another fine day <\/em> no presentaba obras pasadas; no hab&iacute;a all&iacute; nada que ver, literalmente, m&aacute;s que al gu&iacute;a que, simulando presentar cada instalaci&oacute;n all&iacute; donde solo exist&iacute;a un espacio blanco, produc&iacute;a una descripci&oacute;n completa, sin referente y no menos \u201cblanca\u201d. La &uacute;ltima exposici&oacute;n de Tiravanija en Par&iacute;s (entre enero y febrero de este a&ntilde;o, en la galer&iacute;a Chantal Crousel) parece haber tomado en cuenta la experiencia precedente sin por ello dejarse arrastrar por su dial&eacute;ctica hacia un vac&iacute;o mayor. En un espacio \u201cdecorado\u201d con plantas y fotograf&iacute;as murales de las playas del Pac&iacute;fico, Tiravanija instal&oacute; una gran mesa para reconstruir, bajo forma de puzzle, La Libertad guiando al pueblo, de Delacroix, y, no muy lejos, un \u201ccuadro\u201d con la frase \u201cNo se puede simular la libertad\u201d. El tercer elemento adyacente era una letrina de madera y chapa <em>Asian style <\/em>en cuyo interior hab&iacute;a sido instalada una peque&ntilde;a oficina de inmigraci&oacute;n al pie de la fosa s&eacute;ptica. Un espacio, puente o intersticio en el que nuestra forma de ocupar la exposici&oacute;n, y tambi&eacute;n el mundo, es traducida al lenguaje de la duda. Sobre estas dificultades, preguntamos a Rirkrit Tiravanija, tambi&eacute;n sobre el futuro y el pasado inmediatos, que son entre utop&iacute;a y representaci&oacute;n. <\/p>\n<p>Pregunta .- Su &uacute;ltima exposici&oacute;n en la galer&iacute;a Chantal Crousel de Par&iacute;s parece dar cuenta de un cierto \u201cviraje\u201d: aunque nos encontramos de nuevo con un dispositivo de encuentro y de trabajo colectivo (el gigantesco puzzle de <em>La Libertad guiando al pueblo <\/em>), hay algo, por as&iacute; decir, \u201cfrontal\u201d en la instalaci&oacute;n, algo que se presenta al visitante como ya acabado. <\/p>\n<p>Respuesta .- Hay temas que intento tratar y momentos en los que no me queda m&aacute;s remedio que referirme a ellos. Lo que dice usted en este caso es muy cierto, y resulta evidente en esta muestra, pero creo que todas esas cuestiones han estado siempre en mi trabajo, aunque no les hab&iacute;a dado esa forma. Acabo de estar en una conferencia sobre Marcel Broodthaers, quien fund&oacute; un museo ficticio [ <em>Mus&eacute;e des Aigles <\/em>, 1968], y quien, hacia el final de su vida, cuando organiz&oacute; una especie de retrospectiva, comenz&oacute; a utilizar la palabra <em>d&eacute;cor <\/em>. Esto significa que Broodthaers pas&oacute; de una cierta estructura \u201cactiva\u201d a una \u201cpasiva\u201d. Con respecto a la idea de mi exposici&oacute;n, de alguna manera hay \u201cactividad\u201d, aunque diferente, pero refiere tambi&eacute;n a ese mismo esp&iacute;ritu \u201cd&eacute;cor\u201d del &uacute;ltimo Broodthaers. Es algo as&iacute; como un puente entre ambos puntos de vista, el activo y el pasivo. La retrospectiva de mi trabajo realizada en Par&iacute;s el a&ntilde;o pasado ya ten&iacute;a que ver con esto: con el hecho de mostrarse completamente activo, pero estando a la vez, en cierta forma, en una situaci&oacute;n muy pasiva. Creo que esta relaci&oacute;n actividad-pasividad nace de la observaci&oacute;n de la misma condici&oacute;n de observaci&oacute;n-interacci&oacute;n con la obra. <\/p>\n<p>P.- Respecto a la retrospectiva <em>Tomorrow is another fine day <\/em>en el mamvp , parece haber, no obstante, un retorno al mundo real, y a problemas no solo art&iacute;sticos \u2013como la <em>Libertad <\/em>del cuadro de Delacroix\u2013, sino tambi&eacute;n relacionados con la sempiterna cuesti&oacute;n de la representaci&oacute;n. <\/p>\n<p>R.- S&iacute;, la imagen de la Libertad es problem&aacute;tica. Creo que realmente no es \u201creconstruible\u201d. Es imposible volver a \u201censamblar\u201d todas las piezas. Incluso si se conoce bien la imagen, uno es incapaz de reconfigurarla. Es precisamente acerca de esa <em>inhabilidad <\/em>sobre lo que me gustar&iacute;a tratar, aunque el trabajo de reconstrucci&oacute;n de la imagen sea colectivo, pues no es la imagen lo que habr&iacute;a que <em>reconstruir <\/em>, sino la relaci&oacute;n real entre nosotros, y no su representaci&oacute;n. <\/p>\n<p>P.- Su trabajo siempre se ha presentado como un motor de situaciones positivas, de encuentros. Parece, sin embargo, haber en sus obras recientes una cierta negatividad o amargura. <\/p>\n<p>R.- S&iacute;, tiene usted raz&oacute;n, pero la verdad es que eso siempre me ha enfadado. La gente tiene una imagen equivocada de m&iacute; [risas]. No obstante, en este caso es verdad que estoy haciendo referencia m&aacute;s claramente a lo que pienso, aunque quiz&aacute; sea simplemente la edad lo que me hace sentir como si estuviera a punto de retirarme y me permite expresarme m&aacute;s abiertamente&#8230; Hablando en serio, creo que llega un momento en el que hay que decir francamente ciertas cosas, y actualmente la gente se calla demasiadas. <\/p>\n<p>P.- Resulta especialmente interesante el tratamiento del tema de las migraciones en su instalaci&oacute;n <em>Untitled (House), <\/em> pues se trata de un asunto grave pero, de alg&uacute;n modo, tambi&eacute;n art&iacute;sticamente \u201cobvio\u201d. <\/p>\n<p>R.- Esto tiene que ver directamente con mi experiencia personal, ya que siempre he tenido que desarrollar mi trabajo condicionado por esa problem&aacute;tica. Siempre me he visto obligado a obtener visados para moverme quince cent&iacute;metros a la puerta de al lado; siempre he vivido en esa sombra. Por eso me resulta bastante ir&oacute;nico o&iacute;r que todos vivimos en un mundo globalizado. &Eacute;ste no es un mundo globalizado; lo es solamente para algunas personas, que no son, ni mucho menos, la mayor&iacute;a. A pesar de que hoy todo est&aacute; en circulaci&oacute;n, tambi&eacute;n hay muchas fronteras. En realidad, no todos somos conscientes de esas cosas que componen nuestra realidad. De hecho, si uno no pertenece a una especie de espacio \u201cperif&eacute;rico\u201d, no tiene que enfrentarse a estos asuntos. Ahora ya es una realidad que los europeos tengan que hacer cola para conseguir un visado para Estados Unidos. Creo que &eacute;ste es un tema sobre el que habr&iacute;a que reflexionar. Deber&iacute;amos discutir acerca de nuestra \u201ccoexistencia\u201d. De todas formas, siempre he trabajado en ese \u201cespacio\u201d, del que creo que la gente no se da cuenta. No es para m&iacute; f&aacute;cil venir aqu&iacute;, o desplazarme desde Par&iacute;s a Berl&iacute;n. Todav&iacute;a ahora me resulta bastante dif&iacute;cil viajar a Londres, por ejemplo, cosa que sorprende a mucha gente. Estas peque&ntilde;as cosas son realidades que, al afectarme a m&iacute;, afectan mi trabajo. Hay mucha gente que est&aacute; intentando transgredir estas fronteras, y me parece que dichas transgresiones son interesantes. No podemos evitar que exista la idea de que de hecho no hay una frontera real, una l&iacute;nea; de que el mundo est&aacute; mucho m&aacute;s abierto que eso. No obstante, pienso constantemente en que cada vez se est&aacute;n construyendo m&aacute;s y m&aacute;s fronteras. El hecho de que ahora el Gobierno de Estados Unidos pueda pincharte la l&iacute;nea telef&oacute;nica es un buen ejemplo de eso. (Pueden pinchar la l&iacute;nea de <em>cualquiera <\/em>, lo que no significa que esa persona est&eacute; haciendo algo malo; ellos simplemente tienen la potestad de espiarle.) El que yo viva a la vez en Tailandia, en Nueva York y en Europa me ayuda a percibir todas estas cosas con cierta claridad\u2026 Quiz&aacute; no consigamos cambiar nada, pero al menos debemos alzar nuestra voz, que ya es una manera de transgredir estas barreras. <\/p>\n<p>P.- Usted se ha definido, a este respecto, como un \u201cbudista moderado\u201d, capaz de vivir en un sistema como el que hoy impera. Pero, &iquest;c&oacute;mo puede hacer compatible esa misma posici&oacute;n con la actitud contestataria que ahora defiende, por encima de la apat&iacute;a o el c&oacute;modo distanciamiento? <\/p>\n<p>R.- Nunca me call&eacute; ante esos temas tan importantes. Usted est&aacute; haciendo referencia a dos vertientes diferentes en mi actitud. Yo sostengo que hay que tener compasi&oacute;n por el ser humano. As&iacute;, no puedo evitar sentir compasi&oacute;n tanto por George W. Bush como por Osama Bin Laden. Es decir, no los matar&iacute;a, y les dar&iacute;a de comer si estuvieran hambrientos, pero esto no quiere decir que me sentar&iacute;a a su lado o que dir&iacute;a que son buenas personas o que no act&uacute;an err&oacute;neamente. Hablar&iacute;a con ellos, porque es necesario debatir para reflexionar sobre las cosas que afectan a los dem&aacute;s. Ser budista no significa no ver las injusticias del mundo. <\/p>\n<p>P.- Volviendo a sus instalaciones recientes, resulta interesante su tratamiento de ciertos elementos \u201cdecorativos\u201d, como plantas o fotograf&iacute;as \u201csin t&iacute;tulo\u201d, no adscritas a ninguna obra en particular, sino a la exposici&oacute;n misma. <\/p>\n<p>R.- No es que no signifiquen nada en s&iacute; mismas: en realidad, de cierta manera, significan mucho. Las plantas tratan sobre el propio contexto de la obra, y sobre el debate en torno a &eacute;ste. Son una se&ntilde;al para reconocer el espacio en el que se est&aacute;, que sigue siendo una galer&iacute;a, con sus funciones, y con sus relaciones con su concepto mismo y con la forma en que funciona en el mundo. Las plantas son aparentemente decorativas, pero refieren asimismo al entorno en el que nos encontramos. Tambi&eacute;n hay en esto reminiscencias del trabajo de Broodthaers: no se trata simplemente de que yo haya colocado all&iacute; las plantas, sino de que &eacute;stas hacen referencia a algo que hay que identificar para poder entender el sentido de la obra. Casi siempre me ha resultado dif&iacute;cil realizar exposiciones para galer&iacute;as, porque todo adquiere all&iacute; un significado concreto \u2013influenciado por el espacio, por el conjunto de las cosas que se presentan, etc.\u2013. Las galer&iacute;as imponen tambi&eacute;n un uso y unas limitaciones concretas. En cierta forma, la galer&iacute;a es un espacio raro: uno puede entrar en la exposici&oacute;n y luego salir, sin transici&oacute;n, y eso implica determinadas limitaciones. Lo que a m&iacute; me interesa ahora es se&ntilde;alar las diferentes facetas de esta particularidad. <\/p>\n<p>P.- Se da tambi&eacute;n en su obra reciente un cierto retorno a la representaci&oacute;n. El retrete dentro de la cabina, por ejemplo, no es real, no se pueden arrojar all&iacute; los formularios de inmigraci&oacute;n efectivamente, ni mucho menos orinar en &eacute;l. Esto contradice aquella antigua declaraci&oacute;n suya de que su gesto consistir&iacute;a en sacar el <em>Urinoir <\/em>de Duchamp del museo y orinar en &eacute;l&#8230; <\/p>\n<p>R.- Esta vez no me he planteado la posibilidad de arrojar el formulario, sino que solo ser&iacute;a un lugar donde uno podr&iacute;a considerar metaf&oacute;ricamente la idea de solicitar la entrada a un pa&iacute;s en aquellas condiciones. Es un lugar en el que <em>pensar <\/em> acerca de esta situaci&oacute;n. Los retretes que tenemos en Tailandia son de hecho como &eacute;stos. Los estadounidenses se quedar&iacute;an de piedra si vieran retretes como &eacute;sos en su pa&iacute;s, as&iacute; que su presencia tiene tambi&eacute;n un significado concreto en este sentido. No significa, sin embargo, que sea un momento decisivo para m&iacute; en lo que concierne a la <em>representaci&oacute;n <\/em> en mi obra; se trata m&aacute;s bien de una intersecci&oacute;n en el camino: puedo elegir m&aacute;s de una ruta a partir de aqu&iacute;. De todas formas, resulta muy significativo en este caso que los retretes no funcionen. Tambi&eacute;n lo es el hecho de incluir pinturas, pues yo no pinto. Hay m&aacute;s particularidades de las que se perciben a primera vista, y eso es algo con lo que cada uno debe lidiar en su mente. Quiz&aacute; hoy ya no est&eacute; tan de moda hablar de la \u201cOtredad\u201d, pero &eacute;sta existe a&uacute;n, y no muy lejos. <\/p>\n<p>P.- La leyenda \u201cNo se puede simular la libertad\u201d aparece en una de sus &uacute;ltimas obras. Me pregunto si la libertad no es siempre en sus obras una simulaci&oacute;n, o una utop&iacute;a. <\/p>\n<p>R.- Es muy dif&iacute;cil pensar en la libertad como no sea de forma ut&oacute;pica. Es f&aacute;cil que este tipo de cosas se conviertan en meros simulacros. Ese texto est&aacute; tomado de una protesta en Alemania del Este, as&iacute; que es de hace bastante tiempo. Tuve que traducirlo del alem&aacute;n y no s&eacute; si la traducci&oacute;n es realmente precisa. Creo que es muy espec&iacute;fico en relaci&oacute;n con la situaci&oacute;n a la que se refer&iacute;a originalmente, pero, en todo caso, es una aseveraci&oacute;n acerca de la cual hemos de reflexionar, porque la gente est&aacute; hablando de esta noci&oacute;n de ser libre y la est&aacute;n utilizando como una especie de excusa para enfrentarse a la realidad de una manera superficial. <\/p>\n<p>P.- Su propia presencia f&iacute;sica en las exposiciones desempe&ntilde;a siempre un papel \u201cproblem&aacute;tico\u201d. &iquest;Qu&eacute; sentido tiene para usted en estos momentos el estar <em>presente <\/em>en su propia obra? <\/p>\n<p>R.- No se trata solamente de las posibilidades que abre en s&iacute; la presencia; tambi&eacute;n tiene que ver con la <em>identidad <\/em>. No me gusta estar en el centro, y suelo desaprobar actitudes como &eacute;sa. De nuevo, la actitud de Broodthaers era interesante tambi&eacute;n en ese sentido: su presencia en su obra no se reconoci&oacute; nunca como una obra en s&iacute; misma. Cuando cre&oacute; su \u201cmuseo\u201d, se declar&oacute; director del mismo, as&iacute; que se coloc&oacute; en el centro para mostrar las piezas. Sin embargo, nadie le ve&iacute;a como un artista, no se le pod&iacute;a asociar con la forma en que el trabajo estaba realizado. Broodthaers jugaba con la \u201cdesaparici&oacute;n\u201d y, ahora que &eacute;l ya no est&aacute;, uno puede ver su obra sin necesidad de que est&eacute; &eacute;l. <\/p>\n<p>P.- Su retrospectiva <em>Tomorrow is another fine day <\/em> fue presentada tambi&eacute;n en Tailandia. &iquest;C&oacute;mo es acogido all&iacute; su trabajo? <\/p>\n<p>R.- La versi&oacute;n de esta retrospectiva para Tailandia la hice con otro artista y, al ser en ese pa&iacute;s, en una especie de museo sin estructura, no ten&iacute;amos dinero. Para exhibir la obra, que en verdad fue presentada de manera muy oficial, la volvimos a realizar por completo como una copia producida localmente con material local. All&iacute; el contexto es diferente y la aproximaci&oacute;n de la gente al arte es tambi&eacute;n distinta. Hay mucha gente en Tailandia que no hab&iacute;a visto mis trabajos antes y, cuando los ven, no los perciben como obras de arte. Por ejemplo, en mi \u201cobra de cocina\u201d, la gente simplemente se puso a cocinar, y esa actividad art&iacute;stica se convirti&oacute; pronto en algo social, cosa que es muy normal en esa cultura. La obra que cre&eacute; estaba totalmente ausente, porque la gente estaba muy presente, y es que la gente sabe c&oacute;mo relacionarse con las obras sin necesariamente saber c&oacute;mo relacionarse con el arte. Aqu&iacute;, en Europa, pasa justamente lo contrario: la gente tiene tanta informaci&oacute;n sobre lo que deber&iacute;a ver, leer y pensar que a veces esto dificulta la aproximaci&oacute;n. Cuando la muestra se exhibi&oacute; en Londres, por ejemplo, se convirti&oacute; en otra cosa completamente diferente; se transform&oacute; en lo que llamar&iacute;a \u201cciencia ficci&oacute;n\u201d, en una radionovela sobre los viajes en el tiempo para ver la obra. Era una historia sobre intentar buscar al artista\u2026 <\/p>\n<p>P.- De hecho, y aun siendo una retrospectiva, <em>Tomorrow&#8230; <\/em> consegu&iacute;a convertir a los espectadores de nuevo en parte de la obra, rompiendo el aislamiento de la experiencia individual del arte. <\/p>\n<p>R.- S&iacute;, eso tambi&eacute;n estaba relacionado con la propia idea de experiencia, porque la obra trata acerca de estar dentro de una estructura experiencial, tanto solos como comparti&eacute;ndola con alguien. De una manera extra&ntilde;a, esta experiencia me hace pensar en Disneyland: percibirla en dibujos animados es mejor que percibirla en realidad, porque en este caso los dibujos son m&aacute;s reales que la realidad. Tambi&eacute;n me hace pensar en la obra de F&eacute;lix Gonz&aacute;lez-Torres, o en la de Carl Andre: uno puede caminar en medio de ellas sin pensarlo, o pararse y pensar, y entonces caminar a su alrededor. Hay diferentes maneras de aproximarse a estas obras y tambi&eacute;n diferentes maneras de \u201cexperimentarlas\u201d, tanto voluntaria como involuntariamente. He querido que la gente tuviera una experiencia nueva con mi obra, que no fuera simplemente una reiteraci&oacute;n, una reconstituci&oacute;n o una recreaci&oacute;n, cosa que no les aportar&iacute;a m&aacute;s que si no la vieran. <\/p>\n<p>P.- &iquest;En qu&eacute; etapa se encuentra actualmente ese proyecto colectivo iniciado hace algunos a&ntilde;os en Tailandia y llamado <em>The Land <\/em>? <\/p>\n<p>R.- <em>The Land <\/em> se ha convertido en una \u201cfundaci&oacute;n\u201d, en el sentido de que, tras siete a&ntilde;os trabajando en el proyecto, &eacute;ste se ha transformado en algo \u201cneutral\u201d. Al principio, surgi&oacute; de la idea de crear un lugar de encuentro para amigos de todo el mundo, una especie de estructura \u201ccomunal\u201d que compartir&iacute;amos, quiz&aacute; tambi&eacute;n como una especie de \u201cbar\u201d en el que siempre encuentras a alguien conocido cuando llegas. No es como vivir all&iacute;: puedes pasar mucho tiempo en ese lugar, pero nunca vivir en &eacute;l, por eso utilizo la met&aacute;fora del bar. Mi posici&oacute;n all&iacute; es la del barman. Es un lugar donde quedar y un lugar donde vivir, aunque esa es solo una de sus particularidades. Es un lugar abierto, no solo para artistas: ciclistas de Dinamarca, que recorren el mundo en bici, pueden hospedarse all&iacute;, por ejemplo. Tambi&eacute;n van muchos j&oacute;venes artistas, como Alexander P&eacute;rigord, que ha estado haciendo un proyecto sobre la situaci&oacute;n comunitaria durante tres meses en torno al cual se han celebrado algunos eventos. Tambi&eacute;n tenemos un programa que empez&oacute; hace algo m&aacute;s de a&ntilde;o y medio que se llama \u201cThe One Year Project\u201d (El proyecto de un a&ntilde;o), que b&aacute;sicamente trata de que vayan j&oacute;venes a vivir all&iacute; durante un a&ntilde;o, desarrollen sus ideas y cuiden del sitio. Es como una residencia o un colegio donde las personas tienen que enfrentarse a las experiencias de los dem&aacute;s, que podr&aacute;n utilizar o no en el futuro. Hemos concebido igualmente otro espacio en la ciudad que ser&aacute; utilizado como una sala de exposiciones para j&oacute;venes artistas. Se imparten tambi&eacute;n seminarios, e incluso hay un yogui que va durante la semana a dar clases de yoga. No podr&iacute;a decir lo que es ahora mismo <em>The Land <\/em>porque, en cierto modo, no es nada, pero a la vez algo est&aacute; pasando all&iacute;, aunque no pueda decirle qu&eacute; es. <\/p>\n<p>P.- Con respecto a este compromiso suyo con el desarrollo de la actividad art&iacute;stica en su pa&iacute;s, &iquest;qu&eacute; efectos tiene sobre los j&oacute;venes tailandeses que desean involucrarse en el mundo del arte? <\/p>\n<p>R.- Yo no soy el &uacute;nico involucrado en ese desarrollo; hay tambi&eacute;n algunas otras personas y una generaci&oacute;n m&aacute;s joven de artistas interesados en las posibilidades que ofrecen las estructuras alternativas. No hay una estructura cultural en Tailandia, pero existen instituciones como la Universidad del Arte, adem&aacute;s de otras, con las que inevitablemente hay que tratar. Nosotros somos el espacio alternativo, somos un espacio abierto, lo que no significa que tengamos una respuesta. Nos gustar&iacute;a ofrecer a la gente tantas ideas u opiniones diferentes sobre la pr&aacute;ctica art&iacute;stica como sea posible, pero tambi&eacute;n estamos interesados en las pr&aacute;cticas agr&iacute;colas y en la producci&oacute;n sostenible, y hay personas alrededor de nosotros a quienes interesan tambi&eacute;n estas cosas. Hay un aspecto como de laboratorio en nuestra iniciativa que hace que existan proyectos que no son siempre art&iacute;sticos. La sociedad tailandesa necesita este tipo de estructuras para enfrentarse a estos asuntos contempor&aacute;neos. <\/p>\n<p>P.- &iquest;C&oacute;mo hace compatibles este tipo de proyectos abiertos, en el marco de la vida cotidiana, con el resto de sus actividades como artista? &iquest;En qu&eacute; medida el v&iacute;nculo entre ellos es puramente \u201cut&oacute;pico\u201d? <\/p>\n<p>R.- Bueno, ya he dicho que la utop&iacute;a es caos. No le encuentro orden porque, a menudo, cuando uno intenta racionalizarla, fracasa. La estructura ut&oacute;pica viene de la distancia desde la que las personas la miran. Mucha gente habla del proyecto <em>The Land <\/em>, pero nadie lo ha visto, por ejemplo. La gente confunde los conceptos de \u201cutop&iacute;a\u201d y \u201cesperanza\u201d para desprenderse un poco de su parte de responsabilidad. La utop&iacute;a no es un lugar, ni un edificio; est&aacute; dentro de cada uno. No creo que mis obras est&eacute;n \u201cdentro\u201d, ni \u201cfuera\u201d, ni \u201cen contra\u201d de algo, sino que simplemente est&aacute;n <em>all&iacute;. <\/em><\/p>\n<p>Traducci&oacute;n: Laura F. Farhall y Vivianne Lor&iacute;a <\/p>\n<p>interview with rirkrit tiravanija <\/p>\n<p><strong>The uncertainty of the context <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Manuel Cirauqui <\/p>\n<p>The notion of \u201crelational aesthetics\u201d seemed like it was going to prevail a few years ago, more than as a criterion for artistic production (since in truth it contained nothing new), as a criterion for interpreting a certain genre of installations, attempting to result not in a mere subjective experience, but in an experimental exchange between the people involved. Yet the opening of the field of the exhibition that those works provided to the experience contained hope and disappointment in equal measures: taking something unyieldingly real as an artistic material involves assuming that said nucleus of reality is already equivalent to its own copy or effigy. Perhaps the final destination of the concept <em>relational aesthetics <\/em> is to remain indefinitely on the test bed, before being forgotten. Yet this fact, far from involving the disappearance of certain works, allows us to perceive their exquisite lack of definition. This is the case of the oeuvre of Rikrit Tiravanija (1961), often taken as the model for said non-existent avant-guard. His installations are the paradigm of that attempt to \u201cdemocratise\u201d the structure of the work of art, forcing its perception solely via its use as an ordinary object or as an \u201cinverted\u201d ready-made, thus confusing the living, seeing and producing both of the work of art and of the space that is foreign to it. Buying a piece by Tiravanija is not buying \u201ca relationship with the world\u201d (Nicolas Bourriaud), but a new piece of it, which is both part of it and represents it. Yet it is funny to see how the old and <em>initial <\/em>issue of representation seems to have slid into Tiravanija&#8217;s work to mark the beginning of a stage of maturity. In his first retrospective, entitled <em>Tomorrow is another fine day <\/em> and presented in different European cities last year, Tiravanija made visitors uncomfortably realise that the event \u2013and also, and most importantly, the event that a work of art wants to be\u2013 is unrepeatable, and perhaps unrepeatable <em>since forever <\/em>: its first appearance is perhaps already a memory, a quote, a simulation. <em>Tomorrow is another fine day <\/em>did not present former works; there was nothing to see there, literally, except the guide who, pretended to present each installation referring to a place where there was nothing but a white space, rendering a complete description, that was devoid of a referent and just as \u201cwhite\u201d as the surrounding area. Tiravanija&#8217;s last exhibition in Paris (between January and February this year, at the Chantal Crousel gallery) seems to have taken the previous experience into consideration, without letting the dialectics drag him towards an even greater void. In a space \u201cdecorated\u201d with plants and mural photographs of the Pacific beaches, Tiravanija installed a large table suggesting the reconstruction of Delacroix&#8217;s <em>Freedom Guiding the People <\/em>, as a puzzle, and not far from there, a \u201cpainting\u201d bearing the sentence \u201cFreedom cannot be simulated.\u201d The third adjacent element was a wood and iron latrine entitled <em>Asian style <\/em>, inside which there was a small immigration office at the foot of the septic tank. A space, bridge or interstice in which our way of occupying the exhibition, and also the world, is translated into the language of doubt. We asked Rirkrit Tiravanija about these concerns, as well as about the immediate past and future, which lie somewhere between utopia and representation. <\/p>\n<p>Question .- Your latest exhibition at the Chantal Crousel gallery in Paris seems to reveal a certain \u201cchange of direction\u201d: although we are once again confronted with a device for getting together and performing collective work (the giant puzzle of <em>Freedom Guiding the People <\/em>), there is something that we could call \u201cfrontal\u201d about the installation, something the visitor perceives as completed. <\/p>\n<p>Answer .- Well, there are issues I am trying to address and moments when I can do nothing but just address them. What you are saying in this case is very true, it appears very clearly in this show, but I think those issues have always been in my work, only I had not given them that shape. I have recently been at a conference on Marcel Broodthaers, who founded a fictional museum [ <em>Mus&eacute;e des Aigles <\/em>, 1968], and, towards the end of his life, when he organized a kind of retrospective, started to use the word <em>d&eacute;cor <\/em>. This means that Broodthaers went from a kind of \u201cactive\u201d to a \u201cpassive\u201d structure. As regards the idea of this show, somehow there is an \u201cactivity,\u201d albeit different, which also refers to that same \u201cd&eacute;cor\u201d spirit that appears in the last works Broodthaers created. It is like a bridge between those two points of view, the active and the passive. The retrospective organised last year in Paris already dealt with that situation: appearing completely active, but also being, in a certain way, in a very passive position. I think this active-passive relationship stems from an observation of the actual condition of that observation-interaction with the work. <\/p>\n<p>Q.- As regards the retrospective <em>Tomorrow is another fine day <\/em>at the mamvp , there does seem to be a return to the real world, and to problems that are not only artistic \u2013like Delacroix&#8217;s <em>Freedom <\/em> painting\u2013, but that are also related to the perennial issue of representation. <\/p>\n<p>A.- Yes, the image of Freedom is problematic. I think it is not really \u201creconstructible.\u201d It is impossible to put all the pieces \u201cback together.\u201d Even if you know the image well, you are not able to reassemble it. I would like to address precisely that <em>inability <\/em>, even if the work of reconstruction of the image is collective, because it is not the image that we need to <em>rebuild <\/em>, it is actually the real relationship between us, and not its representation. <\/p>\n<p>Q.- Your work has always been presented as a drive for positive situations, for encounters. However, in your recent works, there seems to be a certain amount of negativity or bitterness. <\/p>\n<p>A.- Yes, I think you are right, but actually that has always angered me. People have a wrong impression of me [laughter]. Nevertheless, in this case it is true that I am referring more clearly to what I am thinking, although maybe that is just old age, which makes me feel as if I were about to retire and allows me to express myself in this way\u2026 Speaking more seriously, I think there comes a time when we have to say things openly, and nowadays too many things go unsaid. <\/p>\n<p>Q.- The treatment of the issue of migrations in your installation <em>Untitled (House) <\/em>is very interesting, as this is a very serious issue which is also, in a way, artistically \u201cobvious.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>A.- It has to do with my personal experience, because I have always worked in these conditions. I have always had to get visas to move five inches next door, I have always lived in that shadow. Consequently, I think it is quite ironic to hear that we all live in a globalised world. This is not a globalised world; it is only globalised for some people, who are actually far from the majority. Despite the fact that nowadays everything is circulating, there are also a lot of barriers. In fact, if you are not in some kind of \u201cperipheral\u201d space, you do not have to deal with these issues. Now Europeans have to queue up to get a visa to go to the United States. I think this topic should really be thought about. We should discuss how we really \u201ccoexist.\u201d Anyway, I have always worked in this kind of \u201cspace,\u201d which I think people do not notice. It is not easy for me to come here, or to travel from Paris to Berlin. Even now it is not so easy for me to get to London, for example, which surprises many people. Those little things are realities that affect me and, by doing so, affect my work. There are many people who are trying to transgress those boundaries, and I think those transgressions are interesting. We cannot help having this image that in fact there is no real border, no line; that the world is much more open than that. However, I constantly think more and more borders are being built all the time. The fact that now the us Government can tap your phone line is a good example of that. (They can tap <em>anybody <\/em>&#8216;s phone line, it does not mean you are doing anything wrong; they just have the legal authority to spy on you.) The fact that I live in Thailand, but also in New York and Europe, helps me perceive all those things with a certain degree of clarity\u2026 We may not be able to change anything, but at least we need to raise our voice, which is already a way of transgressing those closures. <\/p>\n<p>Q.- In this sense, you have defined yourself as a \u201cmoderate Buddhist,\u201d as someone who is capable of living in a system like the one that prevails today. Yet, how can that very position be compatible with the rebellious, anti-establishment attitude you now defend, over apathy or taking a comfortable distance? <\/p>\n<p>A.- Well, I definitely never stayed quiet about those important issues. Yet you are referring to two different trends in my attitude. I do say that you should have compassion for the human being. Consequently, I cannot avoid compassion for both George W. Bush and for Osama Ben Laden. That is to say, I would not kill them, and I would feed them if they needed to eat, but that does not mean I would sit next to them and say they are good people or that they do not act wrongly. I would talk to them, because debates are needed to reflect on the things that affect other people. To be a Buddhist does not mean that you do not see injustices in the world. <\/p>\n<p>Q.- Going back to your recent installations, I find the way you treat certain \u201cdecorative\u201d elements very interesting, elements like plants or \u201cuntitled\u201d photographs, which are not attached to a specific work, but to the exhibition itself. <\/p>\n<p>A.- Actually, I would not say that they do not mean anything themselves: in fact, in a way, they mean quite a lot. The plants address the context of the work itself, and the discussion on it. Again they are a sign to recognize the space one is in, which is still a gallery, which still has its functions, and its relationships with its actual concept and with the way it works in the world. Plants are seemingly decorative, but they also refer to the environment we are in. This also echoes Broodthaers&#8217; work: it is not just that I put the plants there, but that they refer to something that one has to identify to see the meaning of the work. I have usually had a difficult time making exhibitions for galleries, because everything takes on a certain meaning there \u2013influenced by the space, by the series of things that are on show, etc. Galleries also impose a certain use and certain limitations. In a way, a gallery is a funny space: you can enter the exhibition and then go back outside, without a transition, and that implies certain limitations. What I am interested in now is addressing the different layers of that particularity. <\/p>\n<p>Q.- Your recent work also involves a kind of return to representation. The toilet inside the cubicle, for example, is not <em>real <\/em>, you cannot actually throw immigration applications in there, or urinate in it. This contradicts your old declaration, when you said your gesture would be to take Duchamp&#8217;s <em>Urinoir <\/em> out of the museum and urinate in it&#8230; <\/p>\n<p>A.- This time I did not think about the possibility of throwing the application in the toilet, but only that it would be a place where one could contemplate the idea of applying for an entrance into a country in those conditions. It is a place in which to <em>think <\/em> about this situation. In fact the toilets we have in Thailand are like these. Americans would be shocked to see toilets like those in their country, so their presence also has a specific meaning in this sense. However, it does not mean it is a turning point for me concerning <em>representation <\/em>, it is more like a fork in the road; there is more than one way to take from here on. Anyway, in this case it is very significant that the toilets do not work. So is the fact that I have included paintings, because I do not paint. There is more than meets the eye, and each of us has to deal with that in our minds. Maybe today it is not so fashionable to talk about \u201cOtherness,\u201d but it is still there, and not very far away. <\/p>\n<p>Q.- The sentence \u201cFreedom cannot be simulated\u201d appears in one of your latest works. I wonder if freedom is not always a simulation, or a utopia, in your works. <\/p>\n<p>A.- It is very difficult to think about freedom unless one considers it as a form of utopianism. Things like these can easily become mere simulacra. The statement comes from a protest in East Germany, so it is quite old. I had to translate it from German so I do not know if it is really precise. I think it is very specific with regard to the situation it referred to originally, but, in any case, it is a statement that we have to think about, because people are going on about this idea of being free and they are using it as a kind of excuse to face reality in a superficial way. <\/p>\n<p>Q.- Your actual physical presence in exhibitions always plays a \u201cproblematic\u201d role. What does being <em>present <\/em> in your own work mean for you now, at this time? <\/p>\n<p>A.- It does not only have to do with the possibilities of the presence itself; it is also related to <em>identity <\/em>. I do not like to be in the middle, and I usually discredit such attitudes. Once again, Broodthaers&#8217; attitude is interesting in this sense: his presence in the work was not recognized as an actual work. When he created his \u201cmuseum,\u201d he appointed himself the director, so he positioned himself in the middle of it to show the pieces. Yet, nobody saw him as an artist, he could not be associated to the way the work had been made. Broodthaers played with \u201cdisappearance\u201d and, now that he is not there at all, one can contemplate the work without him having to be there. <\/p>\n<p>Q.- Your retrospective <em>Tomorrow is another fine <\/em>day was also presented in Thailand. How is your work received over there? <\/p>\n<p>A.- I created the version of this retrospective for Thailand with another artist and, since it was in Thailand, in a kind of museum that had no structure, we had no money. In order to present the work, which was actually presented very officially, we created it again as a copy produced locally with local material. There the context is different and the way people approach art is also different. There are many people in Thailand who have never seen my work before and, when they see them, they do not see them as works of art. For instance, for my \u201ccooking pieces,\u201d people just went out and started cooking, and that artistic activity quickly became a social thing, which is very normal in that culture. The work I created was completely absent, because people were very present, because people know how to deal with the works without necessarily knowing how to deal with art. Here, in Europe, it is exactly the other way around: people have so much information in terms of what they should see, read and think that it makes that approach much more difficult. When the retrospective was shown in London, for example, it became something else completely; it became something I would call \u201cscience fiction,\u201d a radio play about time travelling to see the work. It was really a story about trying to look for the artist\u2026 <\/p>\n<p>Q.- In fact, and even though it is a retrospective, <em>Tomorrow <\/em>\u2026 once again made viewers part of the work, thus breaking the isolation with the individual experience of art. <\/p>\n<p>A.- Yes, that was also connected to the actual idea of experience, because the work is about being inside an experiential structure, either alone or sharing it with someone. In a funny way, the experience also makes me think about Disneyland: seeing it in the cartoon is better than seeing it in real life, because in this case the cartoon is more real than the real thing. I also recall F&eacute;lix Gonz&aacute;lez-Torres&#8217; work, or Carl Andre&#8217;s oeuvre: one can walk across them and not even think about it, or one can stop and think, and then walk around it. There are different ways to approach these works and different ways to \u201cexperience\u201d them, both voluntarily and involuntarily. I wanted people to feel a new experience with my work, I wanted it to be more than just a replay, a reconstitution or a recreation, which would not really contribute any more understanding than not seeing it at all. <\/p>\n<p>Q.- What stage is the group project you started a few years ago in Thailand called <em>The Land <\/em> currently in? <\/p>\n<p>A.- <em>The Land <\/em> has become a \u201cfoundation,\u201d in the sense that, after seven years working on it, it has become something \u201cneutral.\u201d In the beginning, it emerged from the idea of creating a meeting place for friends from all around the world, a kind of \u201ccommunal\u201d structure that we would share, maybe also like a sort of \u201cbar\u201d where you can always find somebody you know when you arrive. It is not like living there: you can spend a lot of time there, but never live there, that&#8217;s why I use the metaphor of the bar. My position there is to be the bartender. It is a place to live and a place to meet, but that is only one layer of it. It is an open place, not only for artists: cyclists from Denmark, biking all over the world, can come and stay there, for instance. A lot of young artists come too, like Alexander P&eacute;rigord, who has been creating a project on the communal situation over the three months during which certain events have been staged. We also have a program that started slightly over a year and a half ago that is called \u201cThe One Year Project,\u201d that basically means that young people can go and live there for a year, develop their ideas and take care of the place. It is like a residence or a school where people have to face the others&#8217; experiences, which they may or may not use in the future. We have also created another space in the city that will be used as an exhibition place for young artists. There are also seminars and even a yogi who goes during the week and teaches yoga. I could not say what <em>The Land <\/em> is now because, in a sense, it is nothing, but at the same time something is happening there, although I cannot tell you what it is. <\/p>\n<p>Q.- As regards your commitment with the development of artistic activity in your country, what effect does it have on the young Thai population that wants to get into the art world? <\/p>\n<p>A.- I am not the only person involved in that development; there are also other people as well as a younger generation of artists interested in the possibilities they find in alternative structures. There is no cultural structure in Thailand, but there are institutions like the Art University, as well as other organisations, that you inevitably have to deal with. We are the alternative space, we are an open space, although this does not mean that we have an answer. We would like to give people as many different ideas or opinions on the artistic practice as possible, but we are also interested in agricultural practices and sustainable production, and there are people around us who are also interested in these things. There is a kind of \u201clab aspect\u201d in our initiative, and that leads to there being projects that are not always artistic. Thai society needs this kind of structures to deal with these contemporary issues. <\/p>\n<p>Q.- How do you make this type of open projects compatible, in the framework of everyday life, with the rest of the activities you perform as an artist? To what extent is the connection between them purely \u201cUtopian\u201d? <\/p>\n<p>A.- Well, I have already said that utopia is chaos. I do not find an order in it because, often, when you try to rationalise it, it fails. The Utopian structure comes from the distance from which people regard it. A lot of people talk about <em>The Land <\/em>, but nobody has seen it, for example. People confuse the ideas of \u201cutopia\u201d and \u201chope\u201d in order to give up some of their responsibility. Utopia is not a place, or a building, it is inside each of us. I do not think my works are \u201cinside\u201d or \u201coutside,\u201d or \u201cagainst\u201d something, but simply <em>there <\/em>. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Autor: Manuel Cirauqui Revista: L\u00c1PIZ Revista Internacional de Arte n\u00ba 222 La noci&oacute;n de \u201cest&eacute;tica relacional\u201d hizo adem&aacute;n de imponerse hace algunos a&ntilde;os, m&aacute;s que como un criterio de producci&oacute;n art&iacute;stica (pues en realidad no conten&iacute;a nada nuevo), como criterio de lectura de cierto g&eacute;nero de instalaciones, cuyo resultado pretend&iacute;a ser no una mera vivencia [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[444,351,400],"class_list":["post-46184","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articulos","tag-arte","tag-articulo-html","tag-lapiz-revista-internacional-de-arte"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/formacionsimple.com\/revistasculturales\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46184","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/formacionsimple.com\/revistasculturales\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/formacionsimple.com\/revistasculturales\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/formacionsimple.com\/revistasculturales\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/formacionsimple.com\/revistasculturales\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=46184"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/formacionsimple.com\/revistasculturales\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46184\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":48409,"href":"http:\/\/formacionsimple.com\/revistasculturales\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46184\/revisions\/48409"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/formacionsimple.com\/revistasculturales\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=46184"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/formacionsimple.com\/revistasculturales\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=46184"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/formacionsimple.com\/revistasculturales\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=46184"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}