{"id":46170,"date":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/formacionsimple.com\/revistasculturales\/archivos\/46170"},"modified":"2026-03-10T08:34:53","modified_gmt":"2026-03-10T08:34:53","slug":"en-la-cuerda-de-la-mercancia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/formacionsimple.com\/revistasculturales\/en-la-cuerda-de-la-mercancia\/","title":{"rendered":"En la cuerda de la mercanc\u00eda"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Autor:<\/strong> Piedad Solans<\/p>\n<p><strong>Revista:<\/strong> L\u00c1PIZ Revista Internacional de Arte n\u00ba 237-238<\/p>\n<hr\/>\n<p>En la portada de un libro, vemos una fotograf&iacute;a del tenista Rafael Nadal. Joven, fuerte, guapo. El t&iacute;tulo : Rafael Nadal. Una biograf&iacute;a. En otras portadas: el rostro de Picasso, de Joan Mir&oacute;, de Andy Warhol. No son j&oacute;venes, fuertes ni guapos. Pero son artistas. <\/p>\n<p>En una sociedad donde las industrias del consumo y del <em>entertainment <\/em>marcan los ritmos y las demandas culturales, la construcci&oacute;n de la imagen del artista plantea cuestiones que se alejan de los mitos rom&aacute;nticos y modernos fabricados por las vanguardias. La ca&iacute;da de los valores arquet&iacute;picos de la originalidad y la genialidad, del h&eacute;roe tr&aacute;gico y existencialista, del artista <em>maudit <\/em>y del <em>sauvage <\/em>, del revolucionario o del artista constructor y transformador de la sociedad responde no solo a un cambio del paradigma m&iacute;tico-social de su figura \u2013en un mundo en que el &eacute;xito es una condici&oacute;n para acceder a la esfera p&uacute;blica\u2013, sino al sistema econ&oacute;mico y financiero en que &eacute;sta se encuentra engranada y que, como ya afirm&oacute; Adorno en el pr&oacute;logo a la <em>Dial&eacute;ctica de la Ilustraci&oacute;n <\/em>, homologa todos los productos \u2013incluso el pensamiento\u2013 por igual. Tanto el capitalismo como el marxismo confirieron un culto a la personalidad del artista, mitificando ideol&oacute;gicamente una figura resistente y heroica, algunas veces tan pobre y desahuciada como en otras ocasiones exitosa y triunfante, concedi&eacute;ndole un rol simb&oacute;lico y social, y adecuando su imagen \u2013o <em>contra <\/em>imagen\u2013 a los nuevos modelos y funciones que requer&iacute;a una sociedad de masas e industrializada. Las diferentes identidades, desde el genio rom&aacute;ntico hasta el artista ingeniero o creador, que fueron adoptando los artistas a lo largo del siglo xx responden a los mitos que la cultura ha tejido en torno a valores como la m&aacute;quina, la belleza, la cotidianidad, la historia, la <em>otredad <\/em>, lo real, la raz&oacute;n, la muerte o la locura, y, a partir de los a&ntilde;os cincuenta, con la reconstrucci&oacute;n de un nuevo mundo, la naci&oacute;n. As&iacute;, asistimos a la creaci&oacute;n por el capitalismo de un arte norteamericano tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, a la b&uacute;squeda de una identidad nacional y de un mercado propio frente al europeo, que se inspir&oacute; en las figuras de pintores abstractos como Jackson Pollock, Barnett Newman, Clifford Still y Mark Rothko, que representaban un Estados Unidos original con ra&iacute;ces en las etnias indias y en la paleontolog&iacute;a, un pa&iacute;s rico, de paisajes inmensos y h&eacute;roes como <em>cowboys <\/em>, <em><\/em>rebeldes, tr&aacute;gicos y narcisistas (en el cine, las figuras de James Dean y Marlon Brando), demiurgos enfrentados al poder de la t&eacute;cnica y de un gran mercado que, al tiempo que los encumbraba como &iacute;dolos, los hund&iacute;a en el suicidio, el accidente o el fracaso personal. Posteriormente, la creaci&oacute;n de movimientos figurativos como el de la Transvanguardia italiana, cosmopolita, par&oacute;dica e ir&oacute;nica, propugnada por cr&iacute;ticos como Achille Bonito Oliva, o la promoci&oacute;n sistem&aacute;tica de las figuras de Salle, Basquiat o Schnabel en Nueva York como superestrellas de los Estados Unidos para un mercado de masas, supusieron el lanzamiento de los artistas por los comisarios en las grandes bienales y muestras europeas. En el caso del Neoexpresionismo alem&aacute;n, con los Nuevos Salvajes, con artistas de la talla de Georges Baselitz, Anselm Kiefer, Markus L&uuml;pertz y A. R. Penck, se dio el dise&ntilde;o de un nuevo artista confrontado al poder: culto y pol&iacute;tica y socialmente cr&iacute;tico, insolente y negativo, aparentemente atravesado por una desesperaci&oacute;n subterr&aacute;nea, que atacaba violentamente la configuraci&oacute;n de la realidad, de la ciudad y de la historia. Al tiempo que lanzaban la consigna: \u201cun pu&ntilde;o de artista es tambi&eacute;n un pu&ntilde;o\u201d, se adaptaban a los altos precios del programa galer&iacute;stico y se infiltraban en el poderoso sistema comercial desarrollado a partir de los a&ntilde;os ochenta por coleccionistas y marchantes. La tensi&oacute;n entre el car&aacute;cter cr&iacute;tico y marginal de la obra y su participaci&oacute;n en el mercado puso al artista en una situaci&oacute;n de ambig&uuml;edad. Frente al <em>marketing <\/em> que dise&ntilde;aba la figura de un artista incorporado en las estructuras capitalistas y la sociedad de bienestar, los logros art&iacute;sticos de los creadores contestatarios y radicales de los a&ntilde;os sesenta y setenta \u2013del accionismo vien&eacute;s al <em>happening <\/em>, de fluxus y la <em>performance <\/em> al <em>land art <\/em>\u2013, que buscaban una ruptura con los modelos del mercado de lujo as&iacute; como un arte pol&iacute;tico, revolucionario y comprometido con las estructuras sociales y urbanas, fueron sistem&aacute;ticamente estetizados e incorporados a los programas del culto mercantil. Como escribir&iacute;a Marcel Duchamp en una carta a Hans Richter en 1962: \u201cYo cog&iacute; mis botelleros y el orinal y se los tir&eacute; a la cara a modo de reto, y ellos ahora los admiran por su belleza est&eacute;tica\u201d. <\/p>\n<p>La imagen del artista rebelde y contestatario, su funci&oacute;n socio-simb&oacute;lica de h&eacute;roe cr&iacute;tico \u2013aquel que denuncia el conflicto donde aparentemente reina el orden; que <em>desoculta <\/em> la tensi&oacute;n y resiste a la violencia de un sistema\u2013, acaba siendo absorbida por una crisis de sentido provocada por la tecnolog&iacute;a, por la inserci&oacute;n del artista en el mercado y en la instituci&oacute;n, por la propia propaganda que lo mitifica. La capacidad cr&iacute;tica del artista corre el peligro de ser neutralizada por el contexto expositivo y por un complejo aparato de administraci&oacute;n y difusi&oacute;n, que edulcora la obra como un producto publicitario del mismo rango que el de la industria de la canci&oacute;n, la moda, el deporte o el cine de masas, y la normaliza, bien trat&aacute;ndola como un desecho simb&oacute;lico y negativo de la sociedad, necesario para \u201cdesaguar\u201d inofensivamente los conflictos, bien sacraliz&aacute;ndola y provey&eacute;ndola de una dimensi&oacute;n cultual extraordinaria. La reproducci&oacute;n masiva de im&aacute;genes ha frivolizado y disuelto los que se consideraban los \u201ccontenidos\u201d, remiti&eacute;ndolos a la apariencia e incluyendo la imagen del artista en lo que Jean Baudrillard, en un ataque l&uacute;cido aunque en exceso furibundo, denomina, en <em>El complot del arte <\/em>, una \u201cpornograf&iacute;a\u201d de las im&aacute;genes. En un metalenguaje de la banalidad, donde el artista ya no representa un papel dram&aacute;tico ni heroico, sino una parodia sarc&aacute;stica de la cultura, en la que el arte, en forma de venganza, muestra una desilusi&oacute;n radical, ya no existir&iacute;a diferencia entre el rostro de Nadal y el de Picasso, entre un deportista y un artista: ambos son producidos, vendidos y devorados por un sistema de fabricaci&oacute;n, distribuci&oacute;n y consumo de im&aacute;genes (que aprovecha incluso las singularidades para aumentar el valor). En este sentido, Baudrillard sostiene la \u201cdestrucci&oacute;n del arte desde adentro\u201d y la inscripci&oacute;n de los artistas en el \u201c <em>gag <\/em> publicitario, humor, iron&iacute;a, cr&iacute;tica en <em>trompe l&#8217;oeil <\/em> que caracteriza hoy a la publicidad e inunda el mundo art&iacute;stico\u201d, y que ofrece una y otro, en el mismo nivel visual de venta y consumo, al cliente y al espectador. En los a&ntilde;os sesenta, Andy Warhol comprendi&oacute; estos fen&oacute;menos como pocos lo har&iacute;an, reconstruyendo con su propia vida la imagen del artista rebelde y <em>outsider <\/em> en una simulaci&oacute;n desdramatizada cuya ambig&uuml;edad e iron&iacute;a \u2013en los retratos de Liz Taylor, Marilyn Monroe, Mao Tse Tung y Elvis Presley, y en las botellas de <em>Coca Cola <\/em> o en las cajas de detergente <em>Brillo <\/em>\u2013 se insertaba de lleno en las dimensiones del mercado, la apariencia y la publicidad. Al contrario que Duchamp, que atac&oacute; el sistema del arte desestructurando el contexto (muse&iacute;stico) en que se insertaba la obra, negando su valor est&eacute;tico, los artistas postmodernos, encabezados por Warhol, insertaron la obra en un contexto (mercantil), publicitando su valor est&eacute;tico. Con &eacute;l, se dio paso a una nueva concepci&oacute;n del artista socializado en <em>parties <\/em> \u2013inauguraciones y fiestas\u2013, adorado y altamente cotizado en museos, galer&iacute;as y <em>mass <\/em><em>media <\/em>, que vend&iacute;a su imagen de ficci&oacute;n en el mercado como un producto est&eacute;tico. Contribuy&oacute;, as&iacute;, a elaborar y gestionar la figura de un \u201cartista\u201d cuya personalidad singular sobrepasaba el valor de la obra. Su rostro p&aacute;lido, su cuerpo delgado, su forma de vestir o de caminar conformar&iacute;an la marca mundialmente reconocida de un tipo de vida, una etiqueta de garant&iacute;a que establec&iacute;a una semejanza indudable entre la calidad de su figura y la de sus obras y fund&iacute;a la apariencia del autor con el <em>vacuum <\/em> de sus retratos. Se coloc&oacute; en el mismo rango visual que Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley y Mao Tse Tung y se defini&oacute; a s&iacute; mismo como \u201cuna m&aacute;quina\u201d, no exenta de la pulsi&oacute;n de muerte que atraviesa a todo h&eacute;roe. No menor mitolog&iacute;a construy&oacute; Beuys con su bast&oacute;n, su traje y su sombrero, elaborando con su figura de cham&aacute;n de urbe moderna una contraimagen del <em>homus tecnicus <\/em> que retaba al nuevo mundo con la sinergia de sus instalaciones, con el campo magn&eacute;tico de una arqueolog&iacute;a postb&eacute;lica y postindustrial, y que, al igual que Warhol, fijaba su personalidad en las superficies fantasmales de las fotograf&iacute;as de cat&aacute;logos, revistas internacionales y libros de arte, valoriz&aacute;ndola m&aacute;s all&aacute; de la significaci&oacute;n de la obra. Pues una de las leyes fijas de la publicidad es que la identidad de una imagen ha de ser inmutable: como una botella de Coca Cola, su forma permanece siempre igual, para ser reconocida y no disolverse en la confusi&oacute;n de im&aacute;genes que circulan velozmente por el universo ef&iacute;mero de la virtualidad. Y del mismo modo que la imagen ha de revelar la identidad profesional de un tenista, un futbolista, un cantante o un pol&iacute;tico, en el decorado y con la indumentaria precisa, el artista ha de identificarse como artista, generando una escenograf&iacute;a y un estilo, detentando los atributos imaginarios y simb&oacute;licos que lo legitimen y caractericen. No es otro el juego de Gilbert &amp; George, o el que cre&oacute; la pareja John Lennon y Yoko Ono o el de Jeff Koons con el perrito <em>Puppy <\/em>, convertidos por s&iacute; mismos en &iacute;dolos. Pero mientras estos artistas parodian el fetiche, otros lo aprovechan para el culto de masas. As&iacute; la \u201cempresa Chillida\u201d, en la que participa la propia familia del escultor, creando una Fundaci&oacute;n con el nombre del artista, grandes inauguraciones con asistencia de reyes, financieros y pol&iacute;ticos y la distribuci&oacute;n mundial de su obra, con un <em>logo <\/em> particular que la distingue como objeto de lujo en diversos productos; o los \u201cemporios\u201d Picasso, Dal&iacute; o Mir&oacute;, cuyas im&aacute;genes m&aacute;s conocidas se insertan en el consumo popular, en un culto a la personalidad del artista que trasciende la significaci&oacute;n rebelde y creativa de la propia obra y de su vida. La adopci&oacute;n de sus nombres, por parte de ciertas empresas, para identificar un producto y publicitar una mercanc&iacute;a, desde un autom&oacute;vil a un perfume \u2013a veces en contra de las propias instituciones y familias\u2013, indica hasta qu&eacute; punto la originalidad de la figura del artista es absorbida por un capitalismo sin l&iacute;mites como un valor intangible. <\/p>\n<p>Las cuestiones referentes a si la imagen de un artista es fabricada por la industria cultural y los circuitos medi&aacute;ticos tal como se dise&ntilde;a la de un tenista, un cantante o una estrella de cine, o de cu&aacute;l es el significado y la mercanc&iacute;a que vende tal imagen en el mercado, o bien de si existe una diferencia entre la imagen de un artista y las de otras figuras p&uacute;blicas \u2013futbolistas, pol&iacute;ticos, actores, etc.\u2013, distribuidas por la m&aacute;quina del espect&aacute;culo <em><\/em>como fetiches, parecen inevitables en una sociedad medi&aacute;tica. Es obvio que el artista est&aacute; inmerso en una estructura capitalista que soporta y difunde el arte, y sin la cual &eacute;ste no existir&iacute;a tal y como hoy se produce. Toda nostalgia de un para&iacute;so perdido \u2013que, en todo caso, nunca existi&oacute;\u2013, en el que el artista estar&iacute;a desligado de los imperativos de la econom&iacute;a, es in&uacute;til. Encumbrado al triunfo o hundido en la miseria, la trayectoria profesional de un artista es construida por la gesti&oacute;n y promoci&oacute;n de galer&iacute;as, ferias, museos, curadores, cr&iacute;ticos y medios de difusi&oacute;n; es lo que sucede con las diversas im&aacute;genes que, de la violencia al cinismo, adopta o le son atribuidas, explotadas como un juego simb&oacute;lico. Los artistas cotizan en los procesos de un sistema mercantil y de circulaci&oacute;n de im&aacute;genes en el que los valores visuales, cr&iacute;ticos y est&eacute;ticos de la obra producen un consumo igual al de las telecomunicaciones, el sector de la moda, las industrias de la alimentaci&oacute;n y del turismo. Movilizan masas tur&iacute;sticas en museos como la Tate Modern de Londres o el Guggenheim de Bilbao, en bienales como las de Venecia y S&atilde;o Paulo, en la Documenta de Kassel&#8230; Se exhiben en las ferias, galer&iacute;as, colecciones y subastas de las principales ciudades; llenan con sus obras, entrevistas y manifestaciones las p&aacute;ginas de libros, peri&oacute;dicos y revistas especializadas de todo el mundo y alcanzan precios astron&oacute;micos. Aunque su relaci&oacute;n con el mercado es an&oacute;mala. Como se&ntilde;ala Marek Claassen en <em>&iquest;C&oacute;mo funciona el mundo del arte? <\/em>: \u201cLa facturaci&oacute;n de las existencias es muy baja, se mueven considerables sumas de dinero en poco frecuentes transacciones, los coleccionistas adquieren su obra sin recibo, los pagos se realizan en efectivo, la privacidad de cara a los impuestos desempe&ntilde;a un papel importante, y el art&iacute;culo en s&iacute; pasa a ser un bien sagrado\u201d. Asimismo, el nombre y la figura de la mayor&iacute;a de los artistas se distribuyen en un circuito institucional y p&uacute;blico m&aacute;s cerrado y cr&iacute;ptico que el de las grandes estrellas del consumo cultural de masas, ya que el conocimiento de su obra exige una preparaci&oacute;n intelectual que el de &eacute;stas, desde la <em>low culture <\/em>, no requiere. Cualquier ignaro puede leer la vida de un futbolista \u2013que se identifica con un relato social del esfuerzo y del &eacute;xito\u2013 o entusiasmarse con un partido de tenis, pero pocos lectores acceden a la comprensi&oacute;n de la obra de los artistas o a la admiraci&oacute;n hacia unas vidas m&aacute;s bien caracterizadas por la opacidad y la rebeld&iacute;a, cuando no identificadas con la locura, la penuria o la excentricidad. La sacralizaci&oacute;n y el alto precio de la obra, por otra parte, la convierten en inaccesible a la masificaci&oacute;n del mercado. Ello hace que los artistas \u2013aunque participen de un culto a la imagen y de una maquinaria comercial y publicitaria cuyo objetivo es, como al tenista, al futbolista o al cantante, hacerlos famosos con el fin de que su obra cotice o convertirlos en fetiches de un s&iacute;mbolo institucional o nacional\u2013 no se erijan como modelos sociales arquet&iacute;picos, no sean invitados, como &eacute;stos, a los <em>talk shows <\/em> televisivos y que su reconocimiento por el gran p&uacute;blico sea restringido y accesible tan solo a los artistas de culto, cuya obra ha sido, ya en gran parte, hist&oacute;ricamente asimilada. <\/p>\n<p>Pero si bien el mercado es la estructura que organiza, difunde y construye la imagen del artista y la circulaci&oacute;n de su obra, ser&iacute;a insuficiente limitar o reducir la complejidad de su existencia al marco mercantil, sin tener en cuenta su subjetividad y la tensi&oacute;n inherente a la relaci&oacute;n compleja entre diversas fuerzas. La apor&iacute;a del artista contempor&aacute;neo consiste en estar inmerso en el juego din&aacute;mico del amo y del esclavo en un sistema al que combate y en el que participa, que le nutre al tiempo que le explota: ambos movimientos, en intensidad proporcional. Como las figuras de Pozzo y Lucky, en <em>Esperando a Godot <\/em>, de Beckett, representan al amo y al esclavo, y est&aacute;n unidos por una relaci&oacute;n de dependencia y necesidad mutua, de donde deriva la crueldad, la miseria y el delirio de ambos y la par&aacute;lisis de la situaci&oacute;n. Ni el esclavo, por su indefensi&oacute;n, quiere abandonar al amo, ni el amo puede liberar al esclavo, de quien a su vez depende para funcionar. Ambos ejercen un dominio sobre el otro, convirti&eacute;ndose a la vez, cada uno, en amo y esclavo. La posici&oacute;n del artista que, desde la resistencia, ataca al sistema capitalista, pol&iacute;tico e institucional \u2013y la cr&iacute;tica es lo &uacute;nico que distingue al arte de una tarjeta postal\u2013 no puede ser desligada de una relaci&oacute;n de mutua dependencia, a menudo turbia por inconfesada, violenta por insoluble, y oscuramente arraigada en el deseo y el narcisismo, el poder y la precariedad. Es en esa tensi&oacute;n interna \u2013la cuerda que une a Pozzo y Lucky, de la que el primero, insistente, tira, y la maleta con los alimentos del amo, que el segundo, inseparable, porta\u2013 donde se produce el movimiento de respuesta del artista. La insolencia e incoherencia del discurso con el que el esclavo se enfrenta al amo y la insatisfacci&oacute;n de &eacute;ste evidencia la quiebra de ambos, el fracaso de un sistema en que el esclavo se alimenta de los huesos del pollo que da de comer al amo, y que &eacute;ste le tira para que los roa. El n&uacute;cleo de una relaci&oacute;n tal est&aacute; constituido por la permanencia de una discordancia sin fin, cuyo sentido final no est&aacute; en la reconciliaci&oacute;n ni en la liberaci&oacute;n \u2013como propusieron el Romanticismo y las vanguardias\u2013, sino en su conflictiva emergencia. <\/p>\n<p>Para romper la dependencia, numerosos artistas rechazan el circuito mercantil y muse&iacute;stico y eligen el ataque a las estructuras del arte para desestabilizarlas desde dentro, desarrollando alternativas fuera de las mediaciones mercantiles \u2013como el <em>mail art <\/em>, el <em>cyber art <\/em>o el <em> net.art <\/em>\u2013, difundiendo publicaciones extramedi&aacute;ticas y adoptando actitudes radicales a trav&eacute;s de intervenciones, manifiestos y <em>performances <\/em> en las calles, en peque&ntilde;as galer&iacute;as y en los barrios de las grandes ciudades. Cuentan con el apoyo de centros culturales y peque&ntilde;os museos, con un concepto m&aacute;s abierto y radical del arte, o crean lugares exc&eacute;ntricos con talleres comunitarios, cooperativas, exposiciones en patios o estudios privados. Rompen los circuitos convencionales con acciones en las que incluyen la relaci&oacute;n directa, la reflexi&oacute;n cr&iacute;tica y sociopol&iacute;tica, con el espectador. <\/p>\n<p>Sin embargo, un artista que no participa en los mecanismos visibles del mercado, simplemente no existe. Su existencia es precaria; el alcance de su obra, limitado, y la publicidad de su imagen, circunscrita a &aacute;mbitos reducidos, es utilizada como aglutinante para dotar a la ciudad de una marca art&iacute;stica que atrae el capital, mientras que en realidad se les provee de escasos medios para su mantenimiento o para la producci&oacute;n de obra, se recortan o eliminan presupuestos que los apoyen o se les abandona a su suerte. En estos casos, la imagen sociocultural del artista es manipulada sin escr&uacute;pulos para afirmar la imagen de la instituci&oacute;n pol&iacute;tica, que se remite a una inversi&oacute;n de propaganda y prestigio (en las dictaduras, de exaltaci&oacute;n del dictador; en las democracias, de votos para las elecciones y publicidad en los <em>media <\/em>), magnificando al partido de turno y a las empresas financiadoras. Lo mismo ocurre en ferias, bienales y macroexposiciones, donde una larga lista de nombres de artistas, conocidos y desconocidos, engruesan los cat&aacute;logos y folletos publicitarios con vistas a atraer, en competencia con otros eventos de masas de la sociedad del espect&aacute;culo, el mayor n&uacute;mero de visitantes. Sin embargo, una vez realizada la inauguraci&oacute;n \u2013con asistencia de autoridades y numeroso p&uacute;blico\u2013, la capacidad cr&iacute;tica de los artistas es ignorada o silenciada, evidenci&aacute;ndose su ausencia en debates colectivos en los que se dirimen problemas art&iacute;sticos, urbanos, pol&iacute;ticos y socioculturales. La fuerza cr&iacute;tica de los artistas queda paralizada por el contexto y por un espacio normativo, cuyo significado, si bien la obra rompe, es simult&aacute;neamente silenciado o neutralizado por el aparato burocr&aacute;tico y did&aacute;ctico. La serie de huelgas secretas, <em>Secret Strikes <\/em>, realizada por Alicia Framis en diversas empresas e instituciones p&uacute;blicas como la Tate Modern de Londres, la empresa Inditex, el cap de Burdeos o la sede de un banco en Utrecht, en las que trabajadores y p&uacute;blico quedan detenidos, interrumpiendo toda acci&oacute;n, mientras la maquinaria productiva y la c&aacute;mara siguen trabajando, evidencian la par&aacute;lisis interna que la t&eacute;cnica y la econom&iacute;a producen en sus propios operarios, as&iacute; como el secreto deseo de &eacute;stos de boicotearla con la inacci&oacute;n. <\/p>\n<p>Los artistas, a lo largo del siglo xx , han adoptado diferentes posturas, cr&iacute;ticas o afirmativas, con respecto a su posici&oacute;n en la sociedad, bien con la supresi&oacute;n de la figura del artista como productor \u2013poniendo, desde el Dada&iacute;smo al Minimalismo y el <em>land art <\/em>, el &eacute;nfasis en la ejecuci&oacute;n impersonal de la obra\u2013, bien confirmando el mito, como Picasso, Warhol o los neoexpresionistas alemanes, en el culto a la personalidad, el narcisismo y la genialidad del creador. Ambas posiciones son hoy evidentes en numerosos artistas que luchan por sobresalir y adquirir una identidad entre la masa que en diversos niveles competitivos puebla la escena art&iacute;stica tanto como en aquellos artistas que est&aacute;n ya consagrados. En cualquier caso, participan de una cultura de masas que les beneficia. Ya a finales de los sesenta, Pierre Restany advirti&oacute;: \u201cAbandonando el viejo concepto del objeto &uacute;nico, del \u2018producto de lujo&#8217; para uso individual, el artista est&aacute; ahora inventando un lenguaje nuevo de comunicaci&oacute;n entre los seres humanos. Renunciando a su papel ambiguo de aventurero marginal y productor independiente, el artista est&aacute; preparado para su papel dominante: la organizaci&oacute;n del ocio\u201d. Lo que Adorno llam&oacute; \u201cun mundo administrado\u201d, evidenciando la dominaci&oacute;n de la econom&iacute;a capitalista sobre la naturaleza y la conversi&oacute;n de la cultura en industria y mercado cultural, incluye la producci&oacute;n del artista, que deviene empresario para gestionar su obra. Como dicen Joost Smiers y Marieke van Schijndel en un art&iacute;culo titulado \u201cImaginando un mundo sin copyright\u201d, <em><\/em>\u201cdebemos admitir que los artistas son empresarios. Ellos son los que toman la iniciativa de moldear unos trabajos determinados y ofrecerlos a un mercado\u201d. Como cualquier trabajador, el mercado obliga al artista a entrar en un circuito administrativo y fiscal de pagos de facturas, impuestos, c&aacute;lculo de ganancias, derechos de autor y Seguridad Social, al tiempo que la financiaci&oacute;n de su obra por las instituciones y el cobro o <em>fee <\/em> por su trabajo le permiten desarrollar proyectos para museos y espacios p&uacute;blicos de gran envergadura, como en el caso de Richard Serra en el Guggenheim de Bilbao, el de Bill Viola con la producci&oacute;n de <em>Trist&aacute;n e Isolda <\/em> para la &Oacute;pera de Par&iacute;s o el de Anish Kapoor en la Tate Modern de Londres. Requieren asistentes, viajan incesantemente, editan cat&aacute;logos de su obra, v&iacute;deos, im&aacute;genes digitales y p&aacute;ginas <em>web <\/em>; redactan sus curr&iacute;culos y trabajan con equipos formados por arquitectos, ingenieros, curadores, t&eacute;cnicos de iluminaci&oacute;n, sonido y montaje, etc. Utilizan como herramientas los instrumentos tecnol&oacute;gicos creados por los ingenieros y proyectan obras y exposiciones por ordenador, al tiempo que son usuarios y consumidores de programas inform&aacute;ticos. Su visualidad y su sintaxis se identifican, con una distancia cr&iacute;tica e ir&oacute;nica en el mejor de los casos, con la televisi&oacute;n, el cine, la publicidad fotogr&aacute;fica, el dise&ntilde;o y las p&aacute;ginas <em>web <\/em>. A trav&eacute;s de la t&eacute;cnica, se introducen en la est&eacute;tica de mundos virtuales, en la f&aacute;brica de im&aacute;genes y en la industria del espect&aacute;culo, produciendo, en el peor de los casos, un arte de efectos ambientales, a juego con el entorno. Sus identidades son m&uacute;ltiples: del artista \u201cfil&oacute;sofo\u201d, inspirado en unas cuantas citas de Plat&oacute;n, Foucault y Deleuze, al que participa en el <em>complot del arte <\/em> y la pornograf&iacute;a de las im&aacute;genes; del que sigue la cultura del <em>amusement <\/em>y de la fiesta, del artista que reivindica el deseo y la sexualidad gay, lesbiana o <em>queer <\/em>, al que asume la defensa de colectivos marginales, denunciando la violencia, atribuy&eacute;ndose el papel de una ong o relatando la cr&oacute;nica de la cat&aacute;strofe. Las posiciones que adoptan los artistas de hoy est&aacute;n imbricadas en una sociedad que permite su presencia como un residuo del sentido. <\/p>\n<p>On the merchandise tight rope <\/p>\n<p>Tennis player Rafael Nadal stares out at us from a book cover. Young, strong, handsome. The title: Rafael Nadal. A biography. Other covers bear portraits of Picasso, Joan Mir&oacute; and Andy Warhol, who are neither young, nor strong nor handsome. They are artists. <\/p>\n<p>In a society where the consumer industries and the entertainment sector set the trends and cultural demands, the construction of the image of the artist gives rise to questions that drift away from the romantic and modern myths manufactured by the avant-gardes. The fall of the archetypical values of originality and geniality, of the tragic and existentialist hero, of the <em>artiste maudit <\/em>and the <em>sauvage <\/em>, of the revolutionary or the artist that constructs and transforms society, responds not only to a variation in the mythical-social paradigm of the figure of the artist \u2013in a world where success is a condition required to access the public sphere\u2013, but also to the economic and financial system in which it is engaged and which, as Adorno stated in the prologue to <em>Dialectic of Enlightenment <\/em>, recognises all products \u2013even thought\u2013 as equals. Both Capitalism and Marxism worshiped the artist&#8217;s personality, ideologically mythicizing a resistant and heroic figure, sometimes poor and destitute, others successful and triumphant, granting artists a symbolical and social role, and adapting their image \u2013or <em>counter <\/em>image\u2013 to the new models and functions required by a mass, industrialised society. The different identities, from the Romantic genius to the engineering or creative artist, that artists adopted throughout the 20 th century responded to the myths that culture spun around values like the machine, beauty, the commonplace, history, <em>otherness <\/em>, reality, reason, death or madness, and, as of the 1950s, with the reconstruction of a new world, the nation. Thus, a new North American art was created by Capitalism after World War II, seeking a national identity and a market to oppose to the European scene, which found its inspiration in the figures of abstract painters like Jackson Pollock, Barnett Newman, Clifford Still and Mark Rothko, who represented the United States as an original country with roots in American Indian ethnic groups and palaeontology, a rich country, with immense landscapes and heroes like cowboys and <em><\/em>rebels, who were tragic and narcissistic (on screen, the figures of James Dean and Marlon Brando), demiurges who opposed to the power of technology and of a booming market which lauded them as idols and plunged them into suicide, accident or personal failure. Subsequently, the creation of figurative trends like the Italian Trans-Avant-Garde, a cosmopolitan, parodic and ironic movement, launched by critics like Achille Bonito Oliva, or the systematic promotion of the figures of Salle, Basquiat or Schnabel in New York as us superstars for a mass market, supposed the launch of artists by curators in major European biennials and shows. In the case of German Neo-Expressionism, with the New Savages, and artists as important as Georges Baselitz, Anselm Kiefer, Markus L&uuml;pertz and A. R. Penck, a new type of artist was designed to face up to power: cultured and politically and socially critical, insolent and negative, seemingly afflicted by subterranean despair, who violently attacked the configuration of reality, the city and history. Whilst they championed the slogan \u201cAn artist&#8217;s fist is also a fist,\u201d at the same time they adapted to the high prices set by the gallery circuit and infiltrated the powerful commercial system developed as of the Eighties by collectors and dealers. The tension between the critical and marginal character of the work and its participation in the market placed the artist in an ambiguous situation. In opposition to marketing schemes that designed the figure of an artist incorporated in capitalist structures and the welfare society, the artistic achievements of the anti-establishment and radical creators of the Sixties and Seventies \u2013from Viennese action art to happenings, from fluxus and performance to land art\u2013, who sought to break away from the models of the luxury market and pursued a political, revolutionary art, that believed in social and urban structures, were systematically aestheticised and incorporated into commercial programmes. As Marcel Duchamp wrote in a letter to Hans Richter in 1962: \u201cI threw the bottle-rack and the urinal into their faces as a challenge and now they admire them for their aesthetic beauty.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>The image of rebellious, anti-establishment artists, their socio-symbolical function as critical heroes \u2013denouncing conflict where order seems to reign; <em>unconcealing <\/em>the tension and resisting the violence of a system\u2013, end up being absorbed by a crisis of meaning caused by technology, by the insertion of the artist in the market and in the institution, by the actual propaganda that mythicises them. The artist&#8217;s critical capacity is in danger of being neutralised by the exhibition context and by a complex administration and dissemination configuration, which sweetens the work levelling it with a promotional product similar to anything produced by the industries that endorse music, fashion, sport or commercial cinema, and standardises it, either treating it as symbolical or negative waste, needed to inoffensively \u201cdrain\u201d conflicts, or idolising it and granting it an extraordinary cultural dimension. The mass reproduction of images has trivialised and dissolved the so-called \u201ccontents,\u201d reducing them to appearances and including the image of the artist in what Jean Baudrillard, in a lucid albeit excessively furious attack, calls, in <em>The Conspiracy of Art <\/em>, a \u201cpornography\u201d of the image. In a metalanguage of banality, where the artist no longer represented a dramatic or heroic role, but a sarcastic parody of culture, where art, as a form of revenge, illustrated radical disappointment, the portraits of Nadal and Picasso, a tennis player and an artist, would stand for the same thing: they are both produced, sold and devoured by a system that manufactures, distributes and consumes images (taking advantage of singularities, even, to increase the value). In this sense, Baudrillard supports the \u201cdestruction of art from the inside\u201d and artists finding their inspiration in \u201cadvertising gags, humour, irony, criticism, the <em>trompe l&#8217;oeil <\/em> that currently characterises publicity and floods the art world,\u201d and offering one and the other, on the same visual level of sale and consumption, to the customer and the viewer. In the Sixties, Andy Warhol understood these phenomena like few others and used his own life to reconstruct the image of a rebellious artist and an outsider in a unruffled simulation whose ambiguity and irony \u2013in the portraits of Liz Taylor, Marilyn Monroe, Mao Tse Tung and Elvis Presley, and the <em>Coca Cola <\/em> bottles or the boxes of <em>Brillo <\/em>detergent\u2013 fell within the dimensions of the market, appearance and advertising. As opposed to Duchamp, who attacked the art system by destructuring the (museum) context in which the work was inserted, denying its aesthetic value, post-modern artists, led by Warhol, placed their works within a (commercial) context, advertising their aesthetic value. Warhol created a new notion of an artist who socialised at parties \u2013inaugurations and gatherings\u2013, was adored and esteemed by museums, galleries and the mass media, who sold a fictional image in the market as an aesthetic product. Thus, he contributed to elaborating and managing the figure of an \u201cartist\u201d whose singular personality was greater than the value of the work. His pale face, thin body, look and walk created a brand that was globally recognised, and stood for a lifestyle, a guarantee that established an unquestionable similarity between the quality of his figure and that of his works, and merged the appearance of the author with the vacuum of his portraits. He positioned himself on the same visual level as Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley and Mao Tse Tung and defined himself as \u201ca machine,\u201d with the same death wish that attacks all heroes. Beuys also created a similar mythology around his figure, with his cane, suit and hat; his image of a shaman of the modern city opposed to the <em>homus tecnicus <\/em> challenging the new world with the synergy of his installations, with the magnetic field of a post-war and post-industrial archaeology, and, like Warhol, he established his personality in the ghostly surfaces of the photographs that appeared in catalogues, international magazines and art books, appreciating it beyond the significance of the work. Since one of the permanent laws of advertising is that the brand identity has to be immutable: like a Coca Cola bottle, the shape is always the same, making it recognisable and preventing its dissolution in the blur of images that race around the ephemeral universe of virtuality. Just as the image has to reveal the professional identity of a tennis player, a footballer, a singer or a politician, with the right setting and clothing, the artist has to be identified as an artist, generating a scenery and a style, holding imaginary and symbolical attributes that legitimise and characterise him or her as such. A game played by Gilbert &amp; George, or the couple John Lennon and Yoko Ono or Jeff Koons with the dog <em>Puppy <\/em>, who became idols in their own right. Yet, whilst these artists parody fetishism, others take advantage of it to be adored by the masses. This is the case of the \u201cChillida enterprise,\u201d in which the sculptor&#8217;s actual family take part, creating a Foundation with the artist&#8217;s name, with large inaugurations attended by kings, financiers and politicians, and the global distribution of his work, with a specific logo that establishes it as a luxurious object on several products; or the Picasso, Dal&iacute; or Mir&oacute; \u201cemporiums,\u201d whose most famous images are inserted in popular consumption, worshiping the personality of artists that transcends the rebellious and creative meaning of their own life and work. The fact that certain companies adopt their names to identify a product and advertise a commodity, from a vehicle to a perfume \u2013sometimes against the wishes of the actual institutions and families\u2013, is indicative of the extent to which the originality of the figure of the artist is absorbed by a rampant capitalism as an intangible asset. <\/p>\n<p>Issues regarding whether the image of the artist is manufactured by the cultural industry and the media circuits in the same way as they design the image of a tennis player, singer or film star, or regarding the meaning and the merchandise that said image sells in a market, or whether there is a difference between the image of an artist and of other public figures \u2013footballers, politicians, actors, etc.\u2013, distributed by the entertainment machinery as idols, seem inevitable in a media-based society. The artist is obviously immersed in a capitalist structure that supports and disseminates art, without which it would not exist as it is produced today. Any nostalgia of a paradise lost \u2013which, in any case, never existed\u2013, in which the artist were separated from the imperatives of economy, is useless. Triumphant or in the depths of poverty, an artist&#8217;s professional career is shaped by the management and promotion of galleries, fairs, museums, curators, critics and the media; as occurs with the different images, from violence to cynicism, they adopt or are conferred to them, exploited like a symbolical game. Artists are valued in the processes of a commercial system and of the circulation of images in which the visual, critical and aesthetic values of the work produce a consumption equal to telecommunications, the fashion sector, the food industries and tourism. They move masses of tourists in museums like the Tate Modern London or the Guggenheim in Bilbao, at biennials like Venice and S&atilde;o Paulo, and the Documenta in Kassel&#8230; They are on show in fairs, galleries, collections and auctions in the main cities; they fill the pages of books, newspapers and specialised journals all over the world with their works, interviews and manifestations, and reach astronomical prices. However, their relationship with the market is anomalous. As Marek Claassen noted in <em>How does the art market work? <\/em>: \u201cThe turnover of the inventory is very low, relatively huge sums of money are involved in infrequent transactions, collectors buy without receipt, trade transactions are made in cash, matters of privacy concerning taxation are also involved and the traded good itself is declared as or believed to be sacred.\u201d Likewise, the name and figure of most artists are distributed in institutional circuits among an audience that is more reduced and cryptic than that of the great stars of the mass culture; certain intellectual preparation is required to recognize the work of the former, whilst this is not the case of stars from the low culture. Any ignorant can read about a footballer&#8217;s life \u2013identified with a social narration about effort and success\u2013 or cheer on a tennis match, but few readers can comprehend the work of artists or admire lives characterised by opacity or rebelliousness, or actually identified with madness, dearth or eccentricity. The idolisation and high prices of the works, on the other hand, make them inaccessible to the masses. Therefore, artists \u2013although their image is worshiped and they are part of a commercial and advertising machinery that aims, like in the case of the tennis player, footballer or singer, to make them famous and make their work quotable, or turn them into idols of an institutional or national symbol\u2013 do not become archetypical social models, they are not invited, like the others, to television talk shows, and their recognition by the general public is restricted and accessible only to cult artists, whose works have, in great part, already been assimilated historically. <\/p>\n<p>Yet, whilst the market is the structure that organises, disseminates and constructs the image of the artist and the circulation of his or her work, it would be wrong to simply limit or reduce the complexity of his or her existence to the commercial framework, without considering the subjectivity and tension inherent to the complex relationship between several forces. The aporia of the contemporary artist consists in being absorbed in the dynamical game of the master and the slave in a system that he opposes to and takes part in, that nurtures him and exploits him, and performs both movements in proportional intensity. Just as the figures of Pozzo and Lucky, in Beckett&#8217;s <em>Waiting for Godot <\/em>, represent the master and the slave, and need and depend on each other, thus giving way to cruelty, misery and delirium in both, paralysing the situation. The slave, given his defencelessness, cannot abandon his master, and the master cannot free the slave, who he depends on in turn to function. They both dominate each other, and thus both become master and slave. The position of the artist, that attacks the capitalist, political and institutional system \u2013criticism is the only thing that sets art apart from a postcard\u2013, cannot be separated from a relationship of mutual dependence, which is often shady because it is unconfessed, violent because it is insoluble, and darkly rooted in desire and narcissism, power and precariousness. That internal tension \u2013that rope that binds Pozzo and Lucky together, which the former pulls insistently, and the suitcase with the master&#8217;s food, which the, inseparable, latter carries\u2013 accommodates the artist&#8217;s movement of response. The insolence and incoherence of the discourse with which the slave faces up to the master and the latter&#8217;s dissatisfaction show the breakdown of both, the failure of a system in which the slave feeds off of chicken bones his master eats and then throws for him to gnaw at. The key to such a relationship is the permanence of an endless discordance, whose final meaning does not appear in reconciliation or liberation \u2013as proposed during Romanticism and the avant-gardes\u2013, but in its conflictive emergence. <\/p>\n<p>To shatter that dependence, many artists reject the commercial and museum circuit and choose to attack the art structure to destabilise it from the inside, developing alternatives beyond commercial mediations \u2013like mail art, cyber art or net.art\u2013, spreading extra-media publications and adopting radical attitudes through interventions, manifestos and performances, carried out on the streets, in small galleries and in different neighbourhoods in large cities. They are supported by cultural centres and small museums that support a more open and radical concept of art, or create eccentric places with communal workshops, cooperatives, exhibitions in courtyards or private studios. They shatter conventional circuits with actions in which they include a direct relationship, a critical and socio-political reflection, with the viewer. <\/p>\n<p>Nevertheless, artists who do not participate in the visible mechanisms of the market simply do not exist. Their existence is precarious; the scope of their work is limited and the advertisement of their image is limited to reduced spheres, used as agglutinin to grant the city an artistic trademark to attract capital, whilst they actually receive scarce mediums to maintain or produce works, their budgets are cut or eliminated, or they are simply left to their own devices. In these cases, the socio-cultural image of the artist is manipulated unscrupulously to assert the image of the political institution, which invests in advertising and prestige (during dictatorships, in the exaltation of the dictator; in democracies, to obtain votes for elections and advertising in the media), magnifying the party in power and the financing companies. The same occurs in fairs, biennials and macro-exhibitions, where a long list of artists, both known and unknown, swell catalogues and leaflets with a view to attracting the greatest number of visitors, competing with the other mass events staged by the entertainment industry. However, after the inauguration \u2013attended by authorities and numerous visitors\u2013, the artists&#8217; critical capacity is ignored or silenced; they are absent from collective debates which settle artistic, urban, political and socio-cultural issues. The critical strength of the artists is paralysed by the context and by a normative space, and although the work may break it, the meaning is simultaneously silenced or neutralised by the bureaucratic and didactic structure. Alicia Framis&#8217; <em>Secret Strikes <\/em> series carried out in different companies and public institutions like the Tate Modern London, the company Inditex, the cap in Bordeaux or a bank in Utrecht, where workers and public came to a halt, interrupting all actions, whilst the production machinery and the camera worked on, prove the internal paralysis that technology and economy produce in their own operators, and their secret desire to boycott them with inaction. <\/p>\n<p>Throughout the 20 th century, artists have adopted different approaches, both critical and affirmative, towards their position in society, either supporting the suppression of the figure of the artist as a producer \u2013stressing, from Dadaism to Minimalism and land art, the impersonal execution of the work\u2013, or confirming the myth, like Picasso, Warhol or German neo-Expressionists, worshiping the personality, narcissism and genius of the creator. Both positions are currently very evident, both among artists who strive to stand out and acquire an identity in the mass that, on different competitive levels, populates the artistic scene, and among established artists. In any case, they are part of a mass culture that benefits them. Pierre Restany already warned us of it in the late Sixties: \u201cAbandoning the old concept of the unique object, the \u201cluxury product\u201d for individual use, the artist is in the process of inventing a new language of communication between human beings. Renouncing to the ambiguous role of the marginal adventurer and independent producer, the artists is preparing for a dominant role: the organisation of leisure.\u201d What Adorno called \u201can administered world,\u201d proving the dominion of capitalist economy over nature and the transformation of culture into industry and cultural market, which includes the production of the artist, who becomes a promoter to manage his or her work. As Joost Smiers and Marieke van Schijndel said in an article entitled \u201cImagining a world without copyright\u201d, <em><\/em>\u201cwe must admit that artists are entrepreneurs. They take the initiative to create specific works and offer them to a market.\u201d As with any other worker, the market makes the artist enter an administrative and fiscal circuit involving the payment of invoices, taxes, the calculation of benefits, copyrights and Social Security, and also funding from institutions or fees that allow them to develop large projects for museums or public spaces, as in the case of Richard Serra at the Guggenheim Bilbao, Bill Viola with the production of <em>Tristan and Isolde <\/em> for the &Oacute;pera in Paris or Anish Kapoor at the Tate Modern London. They need assistants, they travel continuously, publish catalogues of their work, videos, digital images and websites; write their r&eacute;sum&eacute;s and work with teams formed by architects, engineers, curators, light and sound technicians, editors, etc. They employ technological instruments created by engineers and design works and exhibitions by computer, and are also users and consumers of computer programmes. Their visuality and syntax are identified, with critical and ironical distance in the best cases, with television, film, photographic advertising, design and websites. Through technology, they enter the aesthetics of virtual worlds, image factories and the entertainment industry, producing, in the worst cases, art with environmental effects, to suit the environment. There are multiple identities: from the \u201cphilosopher\u201d artist, inspired by some quotes by Plato, Foucault and Deleuze, to the artist who takes part in the <em>conspiracy of art <\/em>and the pornography of the image; from the artist who follows the culture of amusement and parties, from the artist who supports gay, lesbian or queer sexuality and desire, to the artist who assumes the defence of marginal groups, denouncing violence, taking on the role of an ngo or narrating the chronicle of a catastrophe. The positions artists take today are interwoven in a society that allows their presence as a residue of meaning. <\/p>\n<p>Translation: Laura F. Farhall <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Autor: Piedad Solans Revista: L\u00c1PIZ Revista Internacional de Arte n\u00ba 237-238 En la portada de un libro, vemos una fotograf&iacute;a del tenista Rafael Nadal. Joven, fuerte, guapo. El t&iacute;tulo : Rafael Nadal. Una biograf&iacute;a. En otras portadas: el rostro de Picasso, de Joan Mir&oacute;, de Andy Warhol. No son j&oacute;venes, fuertes ni guapos. Pero son [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[444,351,400],"class_list":["post-46170","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articulos","tag-arte","tag-articulo-html","tag-lapiz-revista-internacional-de-arte"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/formacionsimple.com\/revistasculturales\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46170","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/formacionsimple.com\/revistasculturales\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/formacionsimple.com\/revistasculturales\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/formacionsimple.com\/revistasculturales\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/formacionsimple.com\/revistasculturales\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=46170"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/formacionsimple.com\/revistasculturales\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46170\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":48395,"href":"http:\/\/formacionsimple.com\/revistasculturales\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46170\/revisions\/48395"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/formacionsimple.com\/revistasculturales\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=46170"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/formacionsimple.com\/revistasculturales\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=46170"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/formacionsimple.com\/revistasculturales\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=46170"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}